Cyber Security Essay - 1381 Words

On July 24, 2013 Senator John Rockefeller introduced a bill into Congress with the name Cybersecurity Enhancement Act. This law was proposed with the purpose of helping to establish a partnership between the public and private entities to research and enforce Cybersecurity in order to make the online experience safer for everyone. This bill allowed the Department of Homeland Security to lay a foundation for private sectors as well as the public to enhance the efforts of Cybersecurity. This platform would provide â€Å"the government and private sector to share information about cybersecurity threats, incident response, and technical assistance† (Skeath). This bill was first introduced in the Senate and it passed. The bill again passed through†¦show more content†¦The NCCIC has an emergency response team that partners with law enforcement agencies and local/federal government agencies to watch cybercrime as well as respond and restore systems that have been downed. All this information is compiled and processed and tracked by NCCIC and it is used to help educate those they may fall victim to attack. Another important thing this bill did was authorize the federal government to support research, raise public awareness of cyber risks, and improve the nation’s cybersecurity workforce (Skeath). From this point forward, the federal government was no longer just allowed the research cybersecurity, but they were now allowed to educate the public about the risks and how to take appropriate steps to prevent unwanted cyber attention. I cant speak for other people but I can definitely say for myself that I rely heavily on the cyber world. From school work, to shopping, to balancing my personal day-to-day life I use the cyber world for everything. Even back in 2014 I can say that was the case. It is so very important that we are safe and secure when we are online. Not only is it important for private citizens, but even more so our government needs to be protected. There are things our government has knowledge of that needs to be kept on a strict knowledge basis. There are things they know that we as private members ofShow MoreRelatedEssay On Cyber Security1623 Words   |  7 Pagesthe digital security marketplace. Digital security specialists outline new programming based and equipment-based solutions to alleviate the known digital assaults. According to Magid (2014), Cybersecurity matters to everybody Consequently, the market for cybersecurity services and products has increased tremendously in the past years. The cybersecurity market will continue to develop as the private and public segment grow and necessities for digital security change. The digital security market enablesRead MoreCyber Security Essay648 Words   |  3 PagesCheckpoint: Cyber Security Paper The Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary defines cyber security measures taken to protect a computer or computer system (as on the Internet) against unauthorized access or attack Most people think that hackers are just people that want to mess up your computer, but real hackers break into systems because they want to see what they can do, then they might leave a message on the victims computer, but that’s it. So, the computer security people protect from those other hackersRead MoreEssay On Cyber Security813 Words   |  4 Pages what, when, where, why aspect of the attack, China Daily almost immediately begins discussing ‘what’s next’ for China regarding cyber security. A May 18th article posted by China Daily poses these questions â€Å"What measures should China take for its cyber security? And what should individuals do for self-protection?† followed by the advice of two Chinese cyber security experts (note: the entirety of this article could not be accessed unless an online subscription to the paper was purchased). On JuneRead MoreEssay On Cyber Security1536 Words   |  7 Pages(EBDM) in Cyber Security (CySec) utilising CDCAT. Traditional approaches to cyber security have typically utilised incident data, test data and threat information – from various sources. This project seeks to explore the business opportunity for utilising EBDM from Business Process Modelling Notation (BPMN) to recognise and analyse good practice in cyber security. By exploiting EBDM from BPMN and applying a range of AI analysis algorithms to data, it is likely that the quality of cyber security evidenceRead MoreCyber Security Essay1344 Words   |  6 Pagesmy preferred field of interest is cyber security. Because of this, throughout the past couple months, I have been researching thoroughly in hopes to find any recent developments in the field. Through my research, one of the most intriguing advancements in the field of cyber security that I found was cognitive security. Cognitive security combines two cutting edge technologies as of today: artificial intelligence and cloud computing. Simply put, cognitive security utilizes artificial intelligenceRead MoreEssay On Cyber Security1209 Words   |  5 PagesSEO: GDPR, cyber security Understanding GDPR What it Means for Cyber Security On May 25, 2018 the European Union will begin enforcing the new General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR) that will create one data protection standard throughout the EU. These regulations were designed to create a unified standard for personal data privacy and to simplify the enforcement of data privacy laws throughout all EU countries. What some organizations are surprised to learn is that these regulations go beyondRead MoreEssay On Cyber Security747 Words   |  3 Pagescompany’s. Our cyber security needs to be the strongest possible. Many companies and technology giants such as Sony, Lenovo, and Equifax have had their information stolen or altered. Although, the odds of our systems being hacked are low we must always be aware that the possibility lies very near us. As a company known for its incredible prowess in the technology world we must make our cyber security the pedigree of the industry. McAfee our former subsidiary was one of the most well known cyber securityRead MoreEssay On Cyber Security1392 Words   |  6 PagesEthics and Security Headlines highlighting helps vulnerable when there are cyber threats to our now all too commonplace. The statistics on security events has and has not been successful to the network breaches and continues to trend the favors attackers. These bad indivisible are getting faster at network compromise as well as data theft network have increased to over 200 days according to most of the major annual cybersecurity reports. The result of these voluminous and persistent threats hasRead MoreEssay on Cyber Crime and National Security1000 Words   |  4 PagesEssay on Cyber Crime And National Security When we talk about national security, we talk about the security of over one billion people and sovereignty of a country that is culturally rich, politically stable, socially compact and economically emerging. The worst victim of terrorism and naxalism India and its national security has been threatened recently by cyber crime. They concept of cyber crime is not radically different from the concept of conventional crime. Cyber crime is the latest andRead MoreCyber Security and Technology Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pagesthemselves. Cyber terrorism is one of the major treat to all sensitive information in cyberspace. Cyber terrorism can be defined as the use of computers and technology to cause server disruption or widespread fear in society. Through cyber terrorism data that is sensitive to major corporation and government alike are in danger of being hacked then used against them. Cyber security helps defend against cyber-attacks by tracking the attackers back to the source and hacking them. This way security can gain

The American Revolution Of The United States - 1858 Words

Independence is what every country strives for. The ability to freely make decisions without fear of reprisal is the model many countries desire. However, many countries face a daily tyrannical rule through which its citizens have little say in the happenings of their personal lives. The United States before the American Revolution knew this situation all too well. The American colonies dealt with the monarchial rule of Britain reluctantly, eventually seeking independence after facing a myriad of oppressions. This tyrannical rule of Britain’s sparked the signing of the United States’ Declaration of Independence. With newfound freedom and sovereignty, the United States set forth to tackle the challenge of establishing a governing body with†¦show more content†¦These arrests concerned colonists that they no longer had the power and ability to freely provide information to the public without being under the watchful eye of Britain. Many individuals were calling fo r the protection of press, most notably James Parker, who claimed that Speaking, and writing without restraint, are the great privileges of a free people. The liberty of the press....ought to be defended with our lives and fortunes for neither will be worth enjoying, when freedom is destroyed by arbitrary measures. Despite both men being found not guilty on the charge of libel, many colonists feared that the inconsistency from case to case did not necessarily mean that the freedoms of speech and press had been established, and were desperately hoping for assurance in the future. In the same sense that many colonists wished to have protections regarding speech and freely delivering information to the press, many colonists also believed that they had basic, natural rights guaranteed to them. In response to the myriad of laws passed by British Parliament during the 1760s, many notable documents and articles were released, outlining the expectations the colonists had in regards to thei r liberties and freedoms. Patrick Henry, a notable member of the Virginia House of Burgesses and future framer of the constitution, drafted the Virginia Resolves. Of the six resolves written, four were adopted and made theShow MoreRelatedThe American Revolution : The United States1517 Words   |  7 PagesIvette Hernandez December 5, 2015 History 8A The American Revolution The United States of America has gone through a series of unimaginable events and drastic occurrences to become the powerful nation it is today. Many of these events have shaped the United States, and I think a key factor in how the United States works today resulted from the American Revolution. The American Revolution did not just affect North America, but also the world when it brought a strong superpower into the image. AlthoughRead MoreThe American Revolution Of The United States864 Words   |  4 PagesAcross the United States, history classes tell American children are told of the brave colonists dumping tea into the harbor in the name of democracy. There is no doubt that early Americans would go to any length to acquire a representative government. The American Revolution was not simply about gaining independence from Britain, but rather about facilitating becoming a democracy because of its independence. The colonists’ attempts to make America more democratic led to the need for independenceRead MoreThe United States And The American Revolution1382 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout American history, there have been countless monumental events. Learning about the past is a great way to understand where you came from, what happened to make the world how it is today, and to feel connected to your country and your roots. In 1607, the thirteen colonies were founded. These colonies were classified into three different groups, the New England Colonies, the Middle Colonies, and the Southern Colonies. The states included in these groups were New Hampshire, MassachusettsRead MoreThe United States And The American Revolution1707 Words   |  7 Pagesequality has been a subject to question for centuries—a question that has themed English Folklore and sparked radical revolutions in the United States and France. Even in modern America, the idea of all men are created equal† has been a point of contention in various topics ranging from race to riches. Though the United States might not be close to a rebellion scaled to the French Revolution, modern â€Å"Robin Hoods† have agitated the idea of pseudo-equality, by proposing higher taxes on the rich—even if thoseRead MoreThe American Revolution Of The United States1721 Words   |  7 PagesSince the birth of the United States, there ha ve been ideals at the core of the nation encouraging it to keep progressing. Infact, these ideals where the motivation for the colonies to become independent from Britain. Before the American Revolution, England had total control over the colonies. This allowed the king of England at this time, King George III, to take advantage of the colonies. The king imposed unfair laws onto the colonies such as the Stamp Act, the Townshend Acts and the IntolerableRead MoreThe American Revolution : The United States1377 Words   |  6 Pagescountry it is today. The American Revolution was the beginning for the United States. It was a time when the Americans separated themselves from the British and established their own rules and regulations, but it wasn’t easy. In fact it was a very long process that lasted for twenty years. There were twenty five battles fought in this time period, and many innocent citizens died. There were both long and immediate causes of the Revolution, but the mos t important being that American colonists were not yetRead MoreThe American Revolution : The United States1561 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Revolution The United States officially was born on the 4th July 1776. When thirteen American colonies declared their independence from Great Britain. Independence did not come easily, it took many year of hard and bloody fighting to be won. What happened to drive these colonies to the bloody war against the world’s most powerful nation back then. I will be taking you back in time to the year 1763 twelve years before the revolutionary war began. In the year 1763, a peace treaty wasRead MoreThe American Revolution Of The United States1356 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the history of these great United States of America, the country has always possessed something truly unique: the fundamental principle of being for and by the people. This dynamic has lasted throughout the 241 year history of the United States being an independent nation. Whether it was the American Revolution led by George Washington, the Louisiana Purchase of Thomas Jefferson, the freeing of the slaves by Abraham Linco ln, or even through the grimmer times of the Great Depression, weRead MoreThe United States Of The American Industrial Revolution857 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant globally, for the sake of brevity and personal preference, this essay will focus upon the United States of America. The proliferation of transportation systems, the refrigerator, and the telegraph were the most important developments of the American Industrial Revolution as they allowed for western expansion and established a foundation for growth. The growth of the Industrial Revolution depended on transporting people, raw materials, and finished goods over long distances. The expansionRead MoreThe United States During The American Revolution Essay1303 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States during and after the American Revolution was wrought with tremendous societal change and massive upheaval. A new republic emerged with grandiose ideas of civil liberties coupled with intense debates on the inalienable rights of men. As intellectuals across the country debated amongst themselves naturally questions about gender began to spring about. Although the new republic proudly proclaimed that all men were created equal, some, particularly affluent women, began to question

A Stranger from Lagos Essay Example For Students

A Stranger from Lagos Essay Explore the ways in which the author vividly describes a lonely woman in a dreadful relationship in either Samphire, by Patrick OBrien, or A Stranger from Lagos, by Cyprian Ekwensi.  I choosed A Stranger from Lagos.  Essay:  A Stranger from Lagos is a story written by Cyprian Ekwensi that deals with issues of oppression. Ekwensis purpose is to expose how objection and oppression of a person that transmits claustrophobia and frustration leads to loneliness. This sense of loneliness is lived by a woman called Lilian through a dreadful relationship. In order to describe it Ekwensi uses symbolism, external and internal conflicts, and the way which the story ends. Ekwensi uses symbolism to emphasize the oppressive nature of Onitshan society, In Onitsha town there were eyes on the walls. This sentence is a metaphor that conveys a sense of no privacy. The symbolism of the word eye transmits Lilians feelings of loneliness through claustrophobia. Another quote that demonstrates this symbolism of the word eye is, In the compound, eyes. In the streets, eyes. Such a small town, and so small-town-minded. This claustrophobia is felt because in this quote the word eyes is repeated a lot and this shows the tension that is provoked by the town, which controls whatever move Lilian does. Another feeling the small and traditional town that incites Lilian to be lonely is frustration, frustration of not even letting her talk to a stranger. All of this dreadful relationship Lilian has with the town demonstrated by the symbolism of the word eye rouses oppression because they dont let her nor act nor breath. In addition to symbolism, Ekwensi uses external and internal conflicts. External to highlight the town traditions differenced to the citys modernity, Here in Onitsha we do not stop and talk in the streets. It is not considered respectable. Lilian tells this quote to the stranger warning him that if not she would be labeled like a slut forever. This external conflict is also a device that conveys a terrible and annoying relationship between desire and customs or cultures. Unlike her mother, Lilian cared little for families she knew. She judged young men by what her instincts told her, and this time they told her she had made a conquest, full of strange enchantment. shows that the desire is presented as how Lilian drives her life and how she feels and not how the customs of the town pressure her. She prefers following her instincts than her mothers advice, which pursue the traditions of the town that make her feel totally lonely. And instead, internal to get across the objection of Lilians sexuality, Every gesture of his showed that he owned her. The word owned is a grammatical word emphasizing that somebody or something belongs to a particular person or thing and not to somebody or something else. In this case, the fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ owned Lilian because as he was a successful merchant we could say that when he bought the wine, he bought the girl. This is proved in He bought the wine and brought it to her mother saying he still wanted her. This awful relationship between the fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and Lilian shows that her life has no sense because she is treated like an object, she is never really appreciated by who she but by what she is. And this entire objection of her leads to a state of misery and loneliness. Along with the symbolism and the conflicts, the writer also describes a lonely woman throughout the ending of the story that is used to accentuate the oppressive nature of the small suffocating town and how she actually did not follow her instincts. But Lilian was not listening. She was thinking of the Stranger from Lagos and wishing she had been braver means that she wouldve crossed the boundary and gone with the stranger. This quote could be seen as also an internal conflict because she didnt have the courage to escape. When I say escape, I mean by really following her feelings and not ending up lonely with her fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ that blames her for things she didnt even do and that she has to pay for. However, as Lilian complied with the traditions of the small town she will stay forever lonely and hopeless. .u59b56053b5586e1166e89ed61e395f13 , .u59b56053b5586e1166e89ed61e395f13 .postImageUrl , .u59b56053b5586e1166e89ed61e395f13 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u59b56053b5586e1166e89ed61e395f13 , .u59b56053b5586e1166e89ed61e395f13:hover , .u59b56053b5586e1166e89ed61e395f13:visited , .u59b56053b5586e1166e89ed61e395f13:active { border:0!important; } .u59b56053b5586e1166e89ed61e395f13 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u59b56053b5586e1166e89ed61e395f13 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u59b56053b5586e1166e89ed61e395f13:active , .u59b56053b5586e1166e89ed61e395f13:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u59b56053b5586e1166e89ed61e395f13 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u59b56053b5586e1166e89ed61e395f13 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u59b56053b5586e1166e89ed61e395f13 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u59b56053b5586e1166e89ed61e395f13 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u59b56053b5586e1166e89ed61e395f13:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u59b56053b5586e1166e89ed61e395f13 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u59b56053b5586e1166e89ed61e395f13 .u59b56053b5586e1166e89ed61e395f13-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u59b56053b5586e1166e89ed61e395f13:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Modern Education: Changing for the Future Essay ThesisA Stranger from Lagos is a story that transmits the reader to always follow their nature and live joyfully or else they would feel lost and repentant. For me this story was interesting because it makes me see the world differently, meaning that the traditions of every country or religion are actually very important for every family. However, thank you to Ekwensi, no matter how strict the traditions are you must always do what you think the best would be for you.

Is the internet a tool for greater democratization in Asia Essay Example

Is the internet a tool for greater democratization in Asia? Essay As Asia looks forward to a progressive future, the technologies of mass communication will play an important role. At this point in time, it is the Internet, with its various forms of information dispersal. But, as this medium becomes more common place, the wielders of power will attempt to put restrictions on its use. Empirical evidence shows that the Internet can be successfully controlled. A case in point is the drastic concessions that Yahoo Inc. was compelled to make to facilitate enforcement of local laws. If local laws are not enforced through the Internet, the service providers may be forced to adopt the most stringent among them in an effort to breach none. But, this is only hypothetical and it is equally likely that the most liberal (the least restrictive) among the set of national laws would be chosen. In fact, during the last few years of the twentieth century, when the Internet was growing and consolidating, it was at its most liberal and least regulated (Milton Mueller, 2007). This period saw the rise of several progressive movements for social change, predominantly in the continents of Latin America and Asia, which availed of the Internet’s potential to organize people at the grassroots and promulgate their cause. A classic example is the success of World Social Forum (WSF), an annual event organized by nations in the global south to discuss political reform and social progress. The Internet has had an important role in bringing these scattered communities across the Third World together. For most Asian countries, the WSF is more important than the World Economic Forum (WEF). While unregulated Internet has the potential to undermine governmental authority, they do provide other beneficial opportunities (Milton Mueller, 2007). The issue of regulating internet content is very contentious, given the exponential growth in Asia, for both commercial and informational purposes. A case study of Asia’s most promising country – China – and its government’s view of the Internet would serve to illustrate the broader issues pertaining to democracy in the age of Internet. The case of Chinese government’s control over Internet content in the country has attracted much criticism from human rights advocates. All internal communication of Chinese citizens are monitored and filtered for content that could be potentially subversive. This meant that those indigenous Tibetans who still reside in Tibetan Autonomous Region, cannot voice their opinions on this contentious issue. This suppression of free speech is particularly odd, given that the Internet has served as an instrument for promoting civil liberties and progressive causes in the rest of the world. Such repressive tendencies in Asiaâ €™s most promising nation betray a lack of correlation between economic prosperity and international recognition on the one hand and harsh internal social realities on the other (Dickson, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Is the internet a tool for greater democratization in Asia? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is the internet a tool for greater democratization in Asia? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is the internet a tool for greater democratization in Asia? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, it is a sign of progress in Asia, that through the same medium of communication exiled Tibetans have organized their protests and demonstrations against the authoritarianism of the Communist Party in China. For instance, in the lead up to the Olympic Games in Beijing last year, the Chinese authorities had a tough time dealing with Tibetan protesters. The power of new digital technology to facilitate legitimate political dissent is something that needs to be preserved and encouraged. Irrespective of the fact that Tibet had traditionally been a feudal society ridden with oppression and brutality, neutral political commentators across the world agree that the Tibetan fight for liberation from China is not unreasonable. If a small group of exiled Tibetans can make such valid political statements, the inclusion of Tibetans still residing in the plateau in this process might have led to substantial political changes, which goes on to suggest that progressive political transitions in Asia will find greater expression if technological advancement is used constructively. From this Tibetan example, one can clearly see how a free Internet will help social justice and democracy in Asia and beyond (Goldsmith Wu, 2006). References: Abuza, Zachary., â€Å"Funding Terrorism in Southeast Asia: The Financial Network of Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiya.† Contemporary Southeast Asia 25, no. 2 (2003): 169+. Bellamy, Alex J. â€Å"Terrorism, Freedom and Security: Winning without War.† The Australian Journal of Politics and History 50, no. 1 (2004): 153+. Brimley, Shawn. â€Å"Tentacles of Jihad: Targeting Transnational Support Networks.† Parameters 36, no. 2 (2006): 30+. Chehab, Zaki. â€Å"Al-Qaeda: Still a Step Ahead; Why the Organisational Skills of Osama Bin Laden and His Deputy Ayman Al-Zawahiri Continue to Outwit the West.†, New Statesman, July 3, 2006, 37. De Castro, Renato Cruz. 2004. Addressing International Terrorism in Southeast Asia: A Matter of Strategic or Functional Approach?. Contemporary Southeast Asia 26, no. 2: 193+. Snyder, Craig A. 2006., Southeast Asian Perceptions of Australia’s Foreign Policy. Contemporary Southeast Asia 28, no. 2: 322+. . Dickson, B. J. (2006)., The Chinese Communist Party in Reform. Pacific Affairs, 79(4), 672+., Razack, Sherene, 2006, Civil Society and Its Enemies; The Australian Journal of Politics and History, Vol. 52, 11+ Bendle, Mervyn F., 2005, Geopolitics, Culture Clash and Gender; Social Justice, Vol. 32, 115+ Jack Goldsmith Timothy Wu, 2006, Who Controls the Internet?: Illusions of a Borderless World. Milton Mueller, 2007, The New Cyber-Conservatism: Goldsmith/Wu and the Premature Triumphalism of the Territorial Nation-State. The Free the Children Initiative is a much needed social project. It aims to free children in developing nations from bonded labor and other forms of exploitation. The brainchild of Craig Keilburger, the project has attracted public attention in the United States and the rest of the developed world. The relevance of such an initiative cannot be overstated, for in the era of globalization, it is grossly unjust how children growing up in different parts of the world experience markedly different standard of life. The most important message of the initiative is how children from one part of the world help their counterparts in another part of the world. This way, a sense of global solidarity and fraternity is built into children at a very young age. The Free the Children (FTC) – India Initiative has the basic objective of liberating children from child labor. But this cannot be achieved in isolation from social and economic factors that force children into work. .

Free Essays on Monte Verde

After long, often bitter debate, archeologists have finally come to a consensus that humans reached southern Chile 12,500 years ago. The date is more than 1,000 years before the previous benchmark for human habitation in the Americas, 11,200-year-old stone spear points first discovered in the 1930s near Clovis, N.M. The Chilean site, known as Monte Verde, is on the sandy banks of a creek in wooded hills near the Pacific Ocean. Even former skeptics have joined in agreeing that its antiquity is now firmly established and that the bone and stone tools and other materials found there definitely mark the presence of a hunting-and-gathering people. The new consensus regarding Monte Verde, described in interviews last week and formally announced Monday, thus represents the first major shift in more than 60 years in the confirmed chronology of human prehistory in what would much later be called, from the European perspective, the New World. For American archeologists it is a liberating experience not unlike aviation's breaking of the sound barrier; they have broken the Clovis barrier. Even moving back the date by as little as 1,300 years, archeologists said, would have profound implications on theories about when people first reached America, presumably from northeastern Asia by way of the Bering Strait, and how they migrated south more than 10,000 miles to occupy the length and breadth of two continents. It could mean that early people, ancestors of the Indians, first arrived in their new world at least 20,000 years before Columbus. Evidence for the pre-Clovis settlement at Monte Verde was amassed and carefully analyzed over the last two decades by a team of American and Chilean archeologists, led by Dr. Tom D. Dillehay of the University of Kentucky in Lexington. Remaining doubts were erased by Dillehay's comprehensive research report, which has been circulated among experts and is to be published next month by the Smithsonian Inst... Free Essays on Monte Verde Free Essays on Monte Verde After long, often bitter debate, archeologists have finally come to a consensus that humans reached southern Chile 12,500 years ago. The date is more than 1,000 years before the previous benchmark for human habitation in the Americas, 11,200-year-old stone spear points first discovered in the 1930s near Clovis, N.M. The Chilean site, known as Monte Verde, is on the sandy banks of a creek in wooded hills near the Pacific Ocean. Even former skeptics have joined in agreeing that its antiquity is now firmly established and that the bone and stone tools and other materials found there definitely mark the presence of a hunting-and-gathering people. The new consensus regarding Monte Verde, described in interviews last week and formally announced Monday, thus represents the first major shift in more than 60 years in the confirmed chronology of human prehistory in what would much later be called, from the European perspective, the New World. For American archeologists it is a liberating experience not unlike aviation's breaking of the sound barrier; they have broken the Clovis barrier. Even moving back the date by as little as 1,300 years, archeologists said, would have profound implications on theories about when people first reached America, presumably from northeastern Asia by way of the Bering Strait, and how they migrated south more than 10,000 miles to occupy the length and breadth of two continents. It could mean that early people, ancestors of the Indians, first arrived in their new world at least 20,000 years before Columbus. Evidence for the pre-Clovis settlement at Monte Verde was amassed and carefully analyzed over the last two decades by a team of American and Chilean archeologists, led by Dr. Tom D. Dillehay of the University of Kentucky in Lexington. Remaining doubts were erased by Dillehay's comprehensive research report, which has been circulated among experts and is to be published next month by the Smithsonian Inst...

How To Grow From 0 to 1 Million Customers With Noah Kagan

How To Grow From 0 to 1 Million Customers With Noah Kagan Have you ever wondered what the process would be like to start something from scratch and end up with a million users? Today we’re going to be talking about just that with Noah Kagan, the chief sumo at sumo.com and AppSumo. He also hosts Noah Kagan Presents, which is an awesome podcast, and he has a steady stream of stuff on okdork.com. Our conversation today is going to help you set better goals and achieve more than you ever have before. How Noah handles the marketing at Sumo.com and what has the most potential. How Noah ended up at Mint, where he helped grow the company from zero to over a million users. Why Noah doesn’t believe in hope in the business world. The process Noah used to put his plan together, come up with ideas, figure out how much traffic he had, and more. Common mistakes that Noah sees other people making. Why copying methods you see described on other people’s blog posts doesn’t work. The greatest piece of marketing advice Noah has received. Links: Sumo.com AppSumo Noah Kagan Presents Okdork.com If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Noah: â€Å"I believe in hope in fantasy and fairytales in the real world or in the non-business world, but in business, no.† â€Å"If youre not making mistakes, youre probably not experimenting enough.† â€Å"At the end of the day, it really just comes down to you got to do it yourself go and experiment yourself, go and promote something.†

Operational Decision Making Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Operational Decision Making - Research Paper Example The corporation’s core mission encompasses focusing on availing quality products and services in its specialized field not only nationally level but also globally (â€Å"ADNOC†). Description of Operations In quest to attain its varied final products, the company utilizes the present’ sophisticated technological knowhow in drilling crude oil and gas from its 100 wells nationally (â€Å"ADNOC†). The company contrary to when its capacity was 2.7 million bbl per day in 2000 now has tremendously increased whereby currently it is twenty one million bbl per day, hence making the state being among the leading players in the market (Wildcat Publishing 56). After drilling, transportation of raw materials - mainly crude oil and natural gas from the wells is by pipelines to the refineries (â€Å"ADNOC†). This is where real cracking of raw materials usually takes place to lighter products essential in other industries. Main inputs, which the company relies on in clude, 1. Crude oil In refineries, this raw material usually undergoes fractional distillation to obtain lighter and good quality products that are essential in diverse retail corporations. These include kerosene, diesel, petrol and in lighter or top chambers of the fractionating equipment comprise only cooking gases. 2. Associated gas Process entailed in handling or refining this form of raw material is extremely complex. Mainly, it encompasses refining by eliminating impurities found in the gas, which are non-hydrocarbon quantities and fluid from the pure product (â€Å"Pipeline Magazine†). After refining has taken place, respective authorities via pipes package the gas into LPGs then store it in warehouses ready for collection and distribution. 3. Non-Associated Gas This is a low-graded raw material mainly obtained from gas wells whereby after transportation through pipes from its respective regions, usually undergoes hydrogenation in the plant then stored in warehouses af ter packaging in cylinders. 4. Crude oil byproducts These encompass materials that have not undergone complete cracking process whereby recycling is an option to separate them into lighter components essential in gas industries like pentane. Supply Chain Decisions In order to increase on the company’s profitability, it will entail integrating of both private and retail distributors. This is to ensure the company does not incur high expenses because of tasks, which could have been undertaken effectively by other potential players specialized in this field, which is transportation. This operational decision will be effective due to the company’s high quality products due to its adoption of TQM, which up to date comprises one of the key strategies. Consequently, this will pose a significant impact on strategic objectives whereby their scope will only be within the company in ensuring once the products are in the market can sell well due to uncompromised quality. This impl ies clientele’s preference to ADNOC’s products will be high due to the company’s quality consistency. Hence, application of product differentiation strategy will significantly contribute to altering in a way some of the company’s objectives towards being customer centered (McGuigan, James & Frederick 338). Contrary to conventional way of numerous companies, lowering prices in quest to attract clients but in real sense

Commercial Law Coursework (question is given on order instruction)

Commercial Law (question is given on order instruction) - Coursework Example f title clause which is the most fundamental one whereby the seller reserves tile to the goods that are delivered to the possession of the buyer as held in Romalpa case. This case combined both retention of title clause as well as bailment relationship between parties. In Clough Mills Ltd v Martin 2 ,there is no problem in this type of clause unless it seeks to retain equitable or beneficial ownership. In Re Bond Worth 3 , the court held that the title had already passed to buyer since it was not possible to retain equitable title although the buyer later granted back to the seller equitable charges which however was held void for want of registration. It shows that simple RoT clause is not suitable where goods sold are to be resold or manufactured into new ones. (2) The second category of clause is â€Å"all moneys clause† as an alternative to serve the purpose of retention of title until all debts of the buyer are paid to the seller rather than until payment of the purchase price as was affirmed in Armour v Thyssen 4 (3) Third category is â€Å"products clause† that aims at retaining or rather vesting title in the products made out of the goods originally supplied. But difficulty with this clause is that it serves to create as security for the goods originally purchased but becomes ineffective in the absence of registration. (4) Fourth category is â€Å"proceeds â€Å"or â€Å"tracing clause† that aims at acquiring proprietary interest in the proceeds of further sales of the buyer. This is again an ineffective clause as held in Romlpa case. Since the proceeds clause purports to create a fiduciary relationship between the parties, it requires to be registered and therefore courts have held them as registrable and as void for not having been registered. However, Romalpa case became a milestone on the law of retention of title as it held a conditional sale agreement valid even in the conditions of sold goods having been consumed or resold and the further appeal also upheld

The Road by Cormac McCarthy Essay Example for Free

The Road by Cormac McCarthy Essay The Road by Cormac McCarthy is a novel based in a post-apocalyptic world. It revolves around the life of a father and a son who are struggling to survive. Everything around them is destroyed, filled with ash and stripped of life yet the two continue to move south, towards the sea hoping for better days to come. Their lives are lived in a constant state of fear. Every day spent scavenging for food as they are constantly moving, trying to stay unnoticed and safe. In the world that they live in, survival is the only goal and the concept of morality has become non-existent. Cannibalism is the greatest fear as everyone is a predator. But in this â€Å"Barren, silent, godless† (4) world, where â€Å"the days more gray each one then what had gone before† (1) and where man is prey to man, the man and the boy hold their ground. They have not yet lost their sense of morality and refuse to resort to a lifestyle that many around them have adapted. To them certain acts are â€Å"intrinsically wrong† (O’Brien) and never justifiable. This way of thinking and ethical view resonates with the concept of moral absolutism. This philosophy, built on the foundations of Immanuel Kant’s belief that morality is the ability to act rationally, may be used as an explanation as to why the man and boy stick to their principles. Though, the two have very similar beliefs, the extent to which they follow and believe in them is different as the boy has stronger moral values. Therefore, under Kant’s philosophy, the boy in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road is arguably a moral absolutist due to the upbringing and relationship between him and his father as they are both accountable to one another and have a relationship as strong as one between man and God. Absolutism or something that is absolute is a principle that is universally valid, and is viewed without relation to other things. Moral Absolutism is when morality is universally valid and certain principles are viewed without relation to other things therefore they remain absolute no matter what situation or context they are put it. As a result, moral absolutism outlines that certain acts are always immoral and are never justifiable regardless of the motivation behind them or the consequences of those actions. When analysing Kant’s philosophy on morality there are three aspects that need to be considered. Firstly, as mentioned before, moral principles are absolute and do not allow for exceptions. These principles are not questionable because if they are put into different contexts and hypothetical situations, this opens doors to potentially infinite number of revisions and subtle qualifiers, and leaves one in a moral mess that Kant thought he was clarifying. (Rousseau) Secondly, Kant believed that all human beings are intrinsically important and that one should always respect the intrinsic worth of rational beings (Weilenberg). Therefore it is wrong to treat others as instrumental means for one’s gain (Josephson Institute). Thirdly and finally Kant contributed to the rule of Universality, which is that one should only act in a way that they believe would be appropriate if it was applied universally. Meaning that if one believes that an action is moral, would it remain moral if everyone around them was to act in that way. The rules and principles outlined in Kant’s moral philosophy and the basics of moral absolutism are visible in The Road by Cormac McCarthy. The man and the boy follow this belief system but as mentioned before, the extent to which the boy follows or believes in them is much different than the man. The man refers to himself and his son as the â€Å"good guys† and as outlined in Weilenberg’s essay they follow a moral code. This code consists of primarily never resorting to cannibalism, to not lying or stealing, helping others and never giving up (Weilenberg). These principles are very similar to those outlined in Kantian moral philosophy. All rational beings should be respected and should not be used for one’s own gain. Therefore cannibalism is never justifiable and helping others is a moral principle that must be followed. Throughout the novel, the man and the boy face many life threatening situations and it is during these situations that their level of morality is either weakened or strengthened. The first example of this would be when the man and the child encounter a man who has been struck by lightning but the man convinces the boy that it is not beneficial for them to help even after the boy’s urging (50). The man is ignoring principles and is focusing on his or their own good which goes against Kantian philosophy but even at this point the boy tries to convince his father otherwise. At another instance the boy responds to his father by saying, â€Å"If you break little promises, you’ll break big ones† (34) just as Kant argues that justifying one action opens up doors for an infinite number of possibilities which goes against absolutist principles. One of the main issues in the novel is cannibalism. The society in this post-apocalyptic world has in a way accepted cannibalism because of the threat of starvation but the man and the boy promise one another that no matter what the situation, they will not resort to it as the boy states, â€Å"We wouldn’t ever eat anybody, would we? .. No matter what? † and the father reassures his son by repeating, â€Å"No. No, matter what. † This is the fundamental statement that shows an absolute moral. Therefore they are arguably following Kantian philosophy and abide by moral absolutism. The man and the boy are living in a world where morality does not exist; as a result of this one many question the motivation behind the man and the boy’s moral standing. Though everyone around them has lost all sense of humanity, the two still follow certain principles. Early on in the novel, the man says, â€Å"If he [the boy] is not the word of God God never spoke†(5). Though this, it can be inferred that the man sees God in his son. He sees a superior being and a higher truth in his son. The man’s life surrounds around his son’s survival and he is his one and only motivation. Same applies to the son, as they both rely and trust in one another. Not only is The Road a tale of survival in a post-apocalyptic world but it is also the tale of the bond between father and the son and how strong this bond can be. The father preaches absolute morals to his son and they are both accountable to one another. This, is arguably the reason as to why the man and the boy hold absolute morals and values. In God and Moral Absolutes, Mathew O’Brien argues that once the existence of God is ruled out, it is impossible to demonstrate that there are moral absolutes. This argument can be looked with a different perspective. Though, the concept of God is not as strong in the man or the boy’s life their moral standing is very strong. Here the existence of God is ruled out but the bond between two people exists and as a result of this bond the father and son continue to live by their values. Also after the father’s death, the son continues to spiritually communicate with his father but it is stated, â€Å"He tried to talk to God but the best thing was to talk to his father † (286). Here, it may be argued that the bond between father and son was much stronger than that of man and God.

Essay on Clash of Cultures Portrayed in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club

Clash of Cultures Portrayed in The Joy Luck Club    The environment in which one grows up molds their character and behavior. The four daughters portrayed in The Joy Luck Club are of Chinese descent, yet they are not Chinese. The daughters speak in English, not the language of their mothers, Mandarin. The daughters are addressed by their English names, or they do not have a Chinese name at all. They think as Americans and have little memory of their Chinese thinking, customs or traditions.    " In me, they see their own daughters, just as ignorant, just as unmindful of all the truths and hopes they have bought to America. They see daughters who grow impatient when their mothers talk in Fractured English. They see that joy and luck do not mean the same to their daughters, that to these closed American-born minds 'joy luck' is not a word, it does not exist. They see daughters who will bear grandchildren born without any connecting hope passed from one generation to generation"(Tan).    Chinese mothers were "taught to desire nothing, to swallow other people's misery, to eat my own bitterness". Yet, the daughters do not have this blind obedience to their mothers. After the piano talent show fiasco, a quarrel broke out between June and Suyuan. June did not have this blind obedience like a Chinese daughter, " I didn't have to do what my mother said anymore. I wasn't her slave. This wasn't China" and refused to be the best, perfect, as what her mother wants her to be. Her mother only hoped and wanted the best for her daughter, which is the Chinese thinking, yet June takes it that her mother wants her to be someone that she is not. When Suyuan tells June, " only one kind of daughter can live in this house, the obedien... ...he tensions between mothers and daughters that have their source in a clash of cultures. Tan also shows that as the mothers and daughters reconcile, these tensions begin to lessen and the daughters begin to accept their Chinese heritage.    Works Cited and Consulted Feng, Pin-chia. "Amy Tan." Dictionary of Literary Biography. Volume 173: American Novelists since World War II. Fifth Series.   Gale Reseach, 1996: 281 -289. Heung, Marina. "Daughter-Text/Mother-Text: Matrilineage in Amy Tan's Joy Luck Club." Feminist Studies. Fall 1993: 597 - 613. Schell, Orville. "Your Mother is in Your Bones." The New York Times Book Review. 19 March 1989: 3,28. Seaman, Donna, Amy Tan. "The Booklist Interview: Amy Tan."' Booklist. I October 19%.: 256,257. Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. Vintage Contemporaries. New York: A Division of Random House, Inc., 1991. Essay on Clash of Cultures Portrayed in Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club Clash of Cultures Portrayed in The Joy Luck Club    The environment in which one grows up molds their character and behavior. The four daughters portrayed in The Joy Luck Club are of Chinese descent, yet they are not Chinese. The daughters speak in English, not the language of their mothers, Mandarin. The daughters are addressed by their English names, or they do not have a Chinese name at all. They think as Americans and have little memory of their Chinese thinking, customs or traditions.    " In me, they see their own daughters, just as ignorant, just as unmindful of all the truths and hopes they have bought to America. They see daughters who grow impatient when their mothers talk in Fractured English. They see that joy and luck do not mean the same to their daughters, that to these closed American-born minds 'joy luck' is not a word, it does not exist. They see daughters who will bear grandchildren born without any connecting hope passed from one generation to generation"(Tan).    Chinese mothers were "taught to desire nothing, to swallow other people's misery, to eat my own bitterness". Yet, the daughters do not have this blind obedience to their mothers. After the piano talent show fiasco, a quarrel broke out between June and Suyuan. June did not have this blind obedience like a Chinese daughter, " I didn't have to do what my mother said anymore. I wasn't her slave. This wasn't China" and refused to be the best, perfect, as what her mother wants her to be. Her mother only hoped and wanted the best for her daughter, which is the Chinese thinking, yet June takes it that her mother wants her to be someone that she is not. When Suyuan tells June, " only one kind of daughter can live in this house, the obedien... ...he tensions between mothers and daughters that have their source in a clash of cultures. Tan also shows that as the mothers and daughters reconcile, these tensions begin to lessen and the daughters begin to accept their Chinese heritage.    Works Cited and Consulted Feng, Pin-chia. "Amy Tan." Dictionary of Literary Biography. Volume 173: American Novelists since World War II. Fifth Series.   Gale Reseach, 1996: 281 -289. Heung, Marina. "Daughter-Text/Mother-Text: Matrilineage in Amy Tan's Joy Luck Club." Feminist Studies. Fall 1993: 597 - 613. Schell, Orville. "Your Mother is in Your Bones." The New York Times Book Review. 19 March 1989: 3,28. Seaman, Donna, Amy Tan. "The Booklist Interview: Amy Tan."' Booklist. I October 19%.: 256,257. Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. Vintage Contemporaries. New York: A Division of Random House, Inc., 1991.

Compare and Contrast Grandparents’ Importance Essay

â€Å"Few can bring the warmth we can find in their embrace, and little more is needed to bring love than the smile on their face. They’ve a supply of precious stories, yet they’ve time to wipe a tear, or give us reasons to make us laugh. They grow more precious through the years. I believe that God sent us Grandparents, as our legacy from above, to share the moments of our life as extra measures of His love. †(www. the parentsday. com) Some kids really don’t realize how much they lose when they don’t spend enough time with their grandparents. Grandparents are extremely unique people who should truly be idolized, there aren’t many people like them who: will always care, will love unconditionally, and have lived through very tough times that most teens couldn’t understand. One of the most important reasons why grandparents should be idolized is that, grandparents are the type of people that will always care about their family. Census figures released recently quantify what experts have long noted as a growing phenomenon: The number of children being raised by grandparents–4. million–is at an all-time high, surpassing the population of children in foster care (Haynes V, Dion, www. grandparents. com). The growing number of grandkids being raised by their grandparents just shows how much grandparents truly care about their family. There is a reason elderly people always ask you if you’re hungry, or cold, or if anything is wrong too, grandparents don’t want their grandkids to suffer in the slightest bit. They want to make sure all is well. Another reason grandparents should be idolized is, there aren’t many people in the world that, no matter what you do wrong, will love you as if nothing at all had happened. Unconditional love isn’t a very common thing to come across, but grandparents tend to have it for each and every one of their grandchildren. Going to grandma and grandpa’s house normally means getting a face stuffed with junk food, getting little gifts just because, and getting called all those cute little nicknames that they give the grandkids. Most people will agree with this if they have a grandparent and will say that it is because they just want to show their love for them. Grand kids can do no wrong in a grandparent’s eyes, at least that’s what they say. It must take a lot of strength to push every little, bad thing someone has done, and just forgive them completely like nothing ever happened. Because of all the technology that exists, people in today’s times have it pretty easy compared to when grandparents were teenagers. They had to put up with more than people do now. About 7 million people served on active duty during the Korean War Era making them veterans of war. 997,000 people also served during WWII; 347,000 during the Vietnam War; and 291,000 during all three wars (www. vnf. org, Office of Veteran Affairs). These statistics prove that there is a large chance that an individual’s grandparents participated in at least one, if not more than one, of these wars. Besides the war, there is also the fact that there was way less technology back then. There were no televisions, no iPods, no cellphones, and no video games. They actually had to entertain themselves by using imagination, going outside, and not being lazy, which is very rare in today’s society. Most kids wouldn’t even know what to do with themselves if they didn’t have all the precious technology they do, and for that reason alone, people should look up to their grandparents. As a consequence of people not recognizing these amazing characteristics grandparents have, grandparents tend to taken advantage of. People need to spend more time with their grandparents to make them know they are appreciated. Grandparents don’t expect anything in return for their love, but try to make the feeling mutual. Everyone deserves a lot of love. Doing something as simple as taking them to lunch will surely brighten their day. Just take a minute and think about a grandparents impact on a child’s life, it truly is great. Anyone can see that grandkids should look up to their grandparents, there aren’t many people like them that will love you no matter what, will care for you, and have been in situations far more difficult than people deal with today. Because of all these things, grandkids should spend more time with them and love them as much as they possibly can back. It takes a lot to care and love and live through, what we consider bad and boring times, and come out, still a completely remarkable kind of individual that people can look up to. Grandparents always care about their grandchildren, even if the grandchildren deny it, grandparents love and care for them, no matter what happens. Grand parents are like parents, minus all of the fighting and the screaming. As Rudolph Giuliani said, â€Å"What children need most are the essentials that grandparents provide in abundance. They give unconditional love, kindness, patience, humor, comfort, lessons in life. And most importantly, cookies. †

Twilight 19. GOODBYES

19. GOODBYES Charlie was waiting up for me. All the house lights were on. My mind was blank as I tried to think of a way to make him let me go. This wasn't going to be pleasant. Edward pulled up slowly, staying well back from my truck. All three of them were acutely alert, ramrod straight in their seats, listening to every sound of the wood, looking through every shadow, catching every scent, searching for something out of place. The engine cut off, and I sat, motionless, as they continued to listen. â€Å"He's not here,† Edward said tensely. â€Å"Let's go.† Emmett reached over to help me get out of the harness. â€Å"Don't worry, Bella,† he said in a low but cheerful voice, â€Å"we'll take care of things here quickly.† I felt moisture filling up my eyes as I looked at Emmett. I barely knew him, and yet, somehow, not knowing when I would see him again after tonight was anguishing. I knew this was just a faint taste of the goodbyes I would have to survive in the next hour, and the thought made the tears begin to spill. â€Å"Alice, Emmett.† Edward's voice was a command. They slithered soundlessly into the darkness, instantly disappearing. Edward opened my door and took my hand, then drew me into the protecting enclosure of his arm. He walked me swiftly toward the house, eyes always roving through the night. â€Å"Fifteen minutes,† he warned under his breath. â€Å"I can do this.† I sniffled. My tears had given me an inspiration. I stopped on the porch and took hold of his face in my hands. I looked fiercely into his eyes. â€Å"I love you,† I said in a low, intense voice. â€Å"I will always love you, no matter what happens now.† â€Å"Nothing is going to happen to you, Bella,† he said just as fiercely. â€Å"Just follow the plan, okay? Keep Charlie safe for me. He's not going to like me very much after this, and I want to have the chance to apologize later.† â€Å"Get inside, Bella. We have to hurry.† His voice was urgent. â€Å"One more thing,† I whispered passionately. â€Å"Don't listen to another word I say tonight!† He was leaning in, and so all I had to do was stretch up on my toes to kiss his surprised, frozen lips with as much force as I was capable of. Then I turned and kicked the door open. â€Å"Go away, Edward!† I yelled at him, running inside and slamming the door shut in his still-shocked face. â€Å"Bella?† Charlie had been hovering in the living room, and he was already on his feet. â€Å"Leave me alone!† I screamed at him through my tears, which were flowing relentlessly now. I ran up the stairs to my room, throwing the door shut and locking it. I ran to my bed, flinging myself on the floor to retrieve my duffel bag. I reached swiftly between the mattress and box spring to grab the knotted old sock that contained my secret cash hoard. Charlie was pounding on my door. â€Å"Bella, are you okay? What's going on?† His voice was frightened. â€Å"I'm going borne,† I shouted, my voice breaking in the perfect spot. â€Å"Did he hurt you?† His tone edged toward anger. â€Å"No!† I shrieked a few octaves higher. I turned to my dresser, and Edward was already there, silently yanking out armfuls of random clothes, which he proceeded to throw to me. â€Å"Did he break up with you?† Charlie was perplexed. â€Å"No!† I yelled, slightly more breathless as I shoved everything into the bag. Edward threw another drawer's contents at me. The bag was pretty much full now. â€Å"What happened, Bella?† Charlie shouted through the door, pounding again. â€Å"I broke up with him!† I shouted back, jerking on the zipper of my bag. Edward's capable hands pushed mine away and zipped it smoothly. He put the strap carefully over my arm. â€Å"I'll be in the truck – go!† he whispered, and pushed me toward the door. He vanished out the window. I unlocked the door and pushed past Charlie roughly, struggling with my heavy bag as I ran down the stairs. â€Å"What happened?† he yelled. He was right behind me. â€Å"I thought you liked him.† He caught my elbow in the kitchen. Though he was still bewildered, his grip was firm. He spun me around to look at him, and I could see in his face that he had no intention of letting me leave. I could think of only one way to escape, and it involved hurting him so much that I hated myself for even considering it. But I had no time, and I had to keep him safe. I glared up at my father, fresh tears in my eyes for what I was about to do. â€Å"I do like him – that's the problem. I can't do this anymore! I can't put down any more roots here! I don't want to end up trapped in this stupid, boring town like Mom! I'm not going to make the same dumb mistake she did. I hate it – I can't stay here another minute!† His hand dropped from my arm like I'd electrocuted him. I turned away from his shocked, wounded face and headed for the door. â€Å"Bells, you can't leave now. It's nighttime,† he whispered behind me. I didn't turn around. â€Å"I'll sleep in the truck if I get tired.† â€Å"Just wait another week,† he pled, still shell-shocked. â€Å"Ren? ¦e will be back by then.† This completely derailed me. â€Å"What?† Charlie continued eagerly, almost babbling with relief as I hesitated. â€Å"She called while you were out. Things aren't going so well in Florida, and if Phil doesn't get signed by the end of the week, they're going back to Arizona. The assistant coach of the Sidewinders said they might have a spot for another shortstop.† I shook my head, trying to reassemble my now-confused thoughts. Every passing second put Charlie in more danger. â€Å"I have a key,† I muttered, turning the knob. He was too close, one hand extended toward me, his face dazed. I couldn't lose any more time arguing with him. I was going to have to hurt him further. â€Å"Just let me go, Charlie.† I repeated my mother's last words as she'd walked out this same door so many years ago. I said them as angrily as I could manage, and I threw the door open. â€Å"It didn't work out, okay? I really, really hate Forks!† My cruel words did their job – Charlie stayed frozen on the doorstep, stunned, while I ran into the night. I was hideously frightened of the empty yard. I ran wildly for the truck, visualizing a dark shadow behind me. I threw my bag in the bed and wrenched the door open. The key was waiting in the ignition. â€Å"I'll call you tomorrow!† I yelled, wishing more than anything that I could explain everything to him right then, knowing I would never be able to. I gunned the engine and peeled out. Edward reached for my hand. â€Å"Pull over,† he said as the house, and Charlie, disappeared behind us. â€Å"I can drive,† I said through the tears pouring down my cheeks. His long hands unexpectedly gripped my waist, and his foot pushed mine off the gas pedal. He pulled me across his lap, wrenching my hands free of the wheel, and suddenly he was in the driver's seat. The truck didn't swerve an inch. â€Å"You wouldn't be able to find the house,† he explained. Lights flared suddenly behind us. I stared out the back window, eyes wide with horror. â€Å"It's just Alice,† he reassured me. He took my hand again. My mind was filled with the image of Charlie in the doorway. â€Å"The tracker?† â€Å"He heard the end of your performance,† Edward said grimly. â€Å"Charlie?† I asked in dread. â€Å"The tracker followed us. He's running behind us now.† My body went cold. â€Å"Can we outrun him?† â€Å"No.† But he sped up as he spoke. The truck's engine whined in protest. My plan suddenly didn't feel so brilliant anymore. I was staring back at Alice's headlights when the truck shuddered and a dark shadow sprung up outside the window. My bloodcurdling scream lasted a fraction of a second before Edward's hand clamped down on my mouth. â€Å"It's Emmett!† He released my mouth, and wound his arm around my waist. â€Å"It's okay, Bella,† he promised. â€Å"You're going to be safe.† We raced through the quiet town toward the north highway. â€Å"I didn't realize you were still so bored with small-town life,† he said conversationally, and I knew he was trying to distract me. â€Å"It seemed like you were adjusting fairly well – especially recently. Maybe I was just flattering myself that I was making life more interesting for you.† â€Å"I wasn't being nice,† I confessed, ignoring his attempt at diversion, looking down at my knees. â€Å"That was the same thing my mom said when she left him. You could say I was hitting below the belt.† â€Å"Don't worry. He'll forgive you.† He smiled a little, though it didn't touch his eyes. I stared at him desperately, and he saw the naked panic in my eyes. â€Å"Bella, it's going to be all right.† â€Å"But it won't be all right when I'm not with you,† I whispered. â€Å"We'll be together again in a few days,† he said, tightening his arm around me. â€Å"Don't forget that this was your idea.† â€Å"It was the best idea – of course it was mine.† His answering smile was bleak and disappeared immediately. â€Å"Why did this happen?† I asked, my voice catching. â€Å"Why me?† He stared blackly at the road ahead. â€Å"It's my fault – I was a fool to expose you like that.† The rage in his voice was directed internally. â€Å"That's not what I meant,† I insisted. â€Å"I was there, big deal. It didn't bother the other two. Why did this James decide to kill met There're people all over the place, why me?† He hesitated, thinking before he answered. â€Å"I got a good look at his mind tonight,† he began in a low voice. â€Å"I'm not sure if there's anything I could have done to avoid this, once he saw you. It is partially your fault.† His voice was wry. â€Å"If you didn't smell so appallingly luscious, he might not have bothered. But when I defended you†¦ well, that made it a lot worse. He's not used to being thwarted, no matter how insignificant the object. He thinks of himself as a hunter and nothing else. His existence is consumed with tracking, and a challenge is all he asks of life. Suddenly we've presented him with a beautiful challenge – a large clan of strong fighters all bent on protecting the one vulnerable element. You wouldn't believe how euphoric he is now. It's his favorite game, and we've just made it his most exciting game ever.† His tone was full of disgust. He paused a moment. â€Å"But if I had stood by, he would have killed you right then,† he said with hopeless frustration. â€Å"I thought†¦ I didn't smell the same to the others†¦ as I do to you,† I said hesitantly. â€Å"You don't. But that doesn't mean that you aren't still a temptation to every one of them. If you had appealed to the tracker – or any of them – the same way you appeal to me, it would have meant a fight right there.† I shuddered. â€Å"I don't think I have any choice but to kill him now,† he muttered. â€Å"Carlisle won't like it.† I could hear the tires cross the bridge, though I couldn't see the river in the dark. I knew we were getting close. I had to ask him now. â€Å"How can you kill a vampire?† He glanced at me with unreadable eyes and his voice was suddenly harsh. â€Å"The only way to be sure is to tear him to shreds, and then burn the pieces.† â€Å"And the other two will fight with him?† â€Å"The woman will. I'm not sure about Laurent. They don't have a very strong bond – he's only with them for convenience. He was embarrassed by James in the meadow†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"But James and the woman – they'll try to kill you?† I asked, my voice raw. â€Å"Bella, don't you dare waste time worrying about me. Your only concern is keeping yourself safe and – please, please – trying not to be reckless.† â€Å"Is he still following?† â€Å"Yes. He won't attack the house, though. Not tonight.† He turned off onto the invisible drive, with Alice following behind. We drove right up to the house. The lights inside were bright, but they did little to alleviate the blackness of the encroaching forest. Emmett had my door open before the truck was stopped; he pulled me out of the seat, tucked me like a football into his vast chest, and ran me through the door. We burst into the large white room, Edward and Alice at our sides. All of them were there; they were already on their feet at the sound of our approach. Laurent stood in their midst. I could hear low growls rumble deep in Emmett's throat as he set me down next to Edward. â€Å"He's tracking us,† Edward announced, glaring balefully at Laurent. Laurent's face was unhappy. â€Å"I was afraid of that.† Alice danced to Jasper's side and whispered in his ear; her lips quivered with the speed of her silent speech. They flew up the stairs together. Rosalie watched them, and then moved quickly to Emmett's side. Her beautiful eyes were intense and – when they flickered unwillingly to my face – furious. â€Å"What will he do?† Carlisle asked Laurent in chilling tones. â€Å"I'm sorry,† he answered. â€Å"I was afraid, when your boy there defended her, that it would set him off.† â€Å"Can you stop him?† Laurent shook his head. â€Å"Nothing stops James when he gets started.† â€Å"We'll stop him,† Emmett promised. There was no doubt what he meant. â€Å"You can't bring him down. I've never seen anything like him in my three hundred years. He's absolutely lethal. That's why I joined his coven.† His coven, I thought, of course. The show of leadership in the clearing was merely that, a show. Laurent was shaking his head. He glanced at me, perplexed, and back to Carlisle. â€Å"Are you sure it's worth it?† Edward's enraged roar filled the room; Laurent cringed back. Carlisle looked gravely at Laurent. â€Å"I'm afraid you're going to have to make a choice.† Laurent understood. He deliberated for a moment. His eyes took in every face, and finally swept the bright room. â€Å"I'm intrigued by the life you've created here. But I won't get in the middle of this. I bear none of you any enmity, but I won't go up against James. I think I will head north – to that clan in Denali.† He hesitated. â€Å"Don't underestimate James. He's got a brilliant mind and unparalleled senses. He's every bit as comfortable in the human world as you seem to be, and he won't come at you head on†¦ I'm sorry for what's been unleashed here. Truly sorry.† He bowed his head, but I saw him flicker another puzzled look at me. â€Å"Go in peace,† was Carlisle's formal answer. Laurent took another long look around himself, and then he hurried out the door. The silence lasted less than a second. â€Å"How close?† Carlisle looked to Edward. Esme was already moving; her hand touched an inconspicuous keypad on the wall, and with a groan, huge metal shutters began sealing up the glass wall. I gaped. â€Å"About three miles out past the river; he's circling around to meet up with the female.† â€Å"What's the plan?† â€Å"We'll lead him off, and then Jasper and Alice will run her south.† â€Å"And then?† Edward's tone was deadly. â€Å"As soon as Bella is clear, we hunt him.† â€Å"I guess there's no other choice,† Carlisle agreed, his face grim. Edward turned to Rosalie. â€Å"Get her upstairs and trade clothes,† Edward commanded. She stared back at him with livid disbelief. â€Å"Why should I?† she hissed. â€Å"What is she to me? Except a menace – a danger you've chosen to inflict on all of us.† I flinched back from the venom in her voice. â€Å"Rose†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Emmett murmured, putting one hand on her shoulder. She shook it off. But I was watching Edward carefully, knowing his temper, worried about his reaction. He surprised me. He looked away from Rosalie as if she hadn't spoken, as if she didn't exist. â€Å"Esme?† he asked calmly. â€Å"Of course,† Esme murmured. Esme was at my side in half a heartbeat, swinging me up easily into her arms, and dashing up the stairs before I could gasp in shock. â€Å"What are we doing?† I asked breathlessly as she set me down in a dark room somewhere off the second-story hall. â€Å"Trying to confuse the smell. It won't work for long, but it might help get you out.† I could hear her clothes falling to the floor. â€Å"I don't think I'll fit†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I hesitated, but her hands were abruptly pulling my shirt over my head. I quickly stripped my jeans off myself. She handed me something, it felt like a shirt. I struggled to get my arms through the right holes. As soon as I was done she handed me her slacks. I yanked them on, but I couldn't get my feet out; they were too long. She deftly rolled the hems a few times so I could stand. Somehow she was already in my clothes. She pulled me back to the stairs, where Alice stood, a small leather bag in one hand. They each grabbed one of my elbows and half-carried me as they flew down the stairs. It appeared that everything had been settled downstairs in our absence. Edward and Emmett were ready to leave, Emmett carrying a heavy-looking backpack over his shoulder. Carlisle was handing something small to Esme. He turned and handed Alice the same thing – it was a tiny silver cell phone. â€Å"Esme and Rosalie will be taking your truck, Bella,† he told me as he passed. I nodded, glancing warily at Rosalie. She was glowering at Carlisle with a resentful expression. â€Å"Alice, Jasper – take the Mercedes. You'll need the dark tint in the south.† They nodded as well. â€Å"We're taking the Jeep.† I was surprised to see that Carlisle intended to go with Edward. I realized suddenly, with a stab of fear, that they made up the hunting party. â€Å"Alice,† Carlisle asked, â€Å"will they take the bait?† Everyone watched Alice as she closed her eyes and became incredibly still. Finally her eyes opened. â€Å"He'll track you. The woman will follow the truck. We should be able to leave after that.† Her voice was certain. â€Å"Let's go.† Carlisle began to walk toward the kitchen. But Edward was at my side at once. He caught me up in his iron grip, crushing me to him. He seemed unaware of his watching family as he pulled my face to his, lifting my feet off the floor. For the shortest second, his lips were icy and hard against mine. Then it was over. He set me down, still holding my face, his glorious eyes burning into mine. His eyes went blank, curiously dead, as he turned away. And they were gone. We stood there, the others looking away from me as the tears streaked noiselessly down my face. The silent moment dragged on, and then Esme's phone vibrated in her hand. It flashed to her ear. â€Å"Now,† she said. Rosalie stalked out the front door without another glance in my direction, but Esme touched my cheek as she passed. â€Å"Be safe.† Her whisper lingered behind them as they slipped out the door. I heard my truck start thunderously, and then fade away. Jasper and Alice waited. Alice's phone seemed to be at her ear before it buzzed. â€Å"Edward says the woman is on Esme's trail. I'll get the car.† She vanished into the shadows the way Edward had gone. Jasper and I looked at each other. He stood across the length of the entryway from me†¦ being careful. â€Å"You're wrong, you know,† he said quietly. â€Å"What?† I gasped. â€Å"I can feel what you're feeling now – and you are worth it.† â€Å"I'm not,† I mumbled. â€Å"If anything happens to them, it will be for nothing.† â€Å"You're wrong,† he repeated, smiling kindly at me. I heard nothing, but then Alice stepped through the front door and came toward me with her arms held out. â€Å"May I?† she asked. â€Å"You're the first one to ask permission.† I smiled wryly. She lifted me in her slender arms as easily as Emmett had, shielding me protectively, and then we flew out the door, leaving the lights bright behind us.

Musical Moulin Rouge Characters, Songs & Song & Storey essays

Musical Moulin Rouge Characters, Songs & Song & Storey essays Moulin Rouge is about a show girl Satin wanting to be a actress The songs were set from 1900 to todays music. They sang songs such as "Diamonds are a girls best friend", "mature boy", "complainte de la butte", "children of the revolution", "the sound of music", "zidlers rap", "lady marmalade", "mature girl", "skills like lee spirit", "because we can", "rhythm of the sight", "diamond dogs", "one day i'll fly away", "fool to be", "roxanne". Satin singing 5 duets. The stars are Nicole Kidman, Ewan Magreeger. It is all about love but Satin is not aloud to fall in love but she did. Theres no laws, no limits just one rule dont fall in love. The writer makes a storey which the duke producers. The night of your dreams was "Moulin Rouge". Meanwhile satin was dieingshe treied to break it off with Christine but they loved each other to much. She had to break it of as she wasn't aloud relationships. Christine was going to get killed if he was anywhere near Satin but he ahd no idea he could get killed. He goes to her preformance just to see if she was lieing about not loving him. Only for her to die at the performance of amphacemia. ...

The History of Calculators and William Seward Burroughs

The History of Calculators and William Seward Burroughs Determining who invented the calculator and when the first calculator was created is not as easy as it seems. Even in pre-historic times, bones and other objects were used to calculate arithmetic functions. Long afterward came mechanical calculators, followed by electrical calculators and then their evolution into the familiar but not-so-ubiquitous-anymore handheld calculator. Here, then, are some of the milestones and prominent figures who played a role in the development of the calculator through history. Milestones and Pioneers The Slide Rule:   Before we had calculators we had slide rules. In 1632, the circular and rectangular slide rule was invented by W. Oughtred (1574-1660).   Resembling a standard ruler, these devices allowed users to multiply, divide, and calculate roots and logarithms. They were not typically used for addition or subtraction, but they were commonplace sights in school rooms and workplaces well into the 20th century.   Mechanical Calculators William Schickard (1592 - 1635):  According to his notes, Schickard succeeded in designing and building the first mechanical calculating device. Schickard’s accomplishment went unknown and unheralded for 300 years, until his notes were discovered and publicized, so it was not until Blaise Pascal’s invention gained widespread notice that mechanical calculation came to the public’s attention.   Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662): Blaise Pascal invented one of the first calculators, called the Pascaline, to help his father with his work collecting taxes. An improvement on Schickard’s design, it nevertheless suffered from mechanical shortcomings and higher functions required repetitive entries. Electronic Calculators William Seward Burroughs (1857 – 1898): In 1885, Burroughs filed his first patent for a calculating machine. However, his 1892 patent was for an improved calculating machine with an added printer.   The Burroughs Adding Machine Company, which he founded in St. Louis, Missouri, went on to great success popularizing the inventor’s creation. (His grandson, William S. Burroughs enjoyed great success of a far different kind, as a Beat writer.)

Consumer Behaviour College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Consumer Behaviour College - Essay Example This term, central to any understanding of consumer behaviour, refers to how consumers view a product/service, its price and its quality, among others. It focuses on subjective consumer interpretations of a product's attributes versus its price, what its possession and use will contribute to a consumer versus its price. Within the context of consumer theory, personality has two meanings. The first is consumer personality and the second is brand personality. Ideally, correlation between the two motivates the consumer market to purchase the brand in question and exhibit loyalty towards it. In both instances, personality refers to perceived attributes and characteristics. Consumer market segmentation is integral to focused marketing and the identification of potential consumers. The elderly refers to the consumer market segment which is comprised of the aged, generally those at, or above, pension age. This type of segmentation is restricted to age. The second type of segmentation is concerned with economic status. It effectively refers to consumer income and, more specifically, to those in the upper income brackets. The affluent are the rich consumers, irrespective of gender and age. The ever-increasing popularity, both national and global, of plastic surgery is amply evidence in the appeal of television shows and serials such as "Extreme Makeover" and "Nip/Tuck." Plastic surgery is now openly discussed and is no longer confined to emergencies or to the female market. In other words, plastic/cosmetic surgery is regularly performed for beautification and anti-ageing purposes and not out of necessity and is now being undertaken by both males and females, not just the latter. 3.1 Industry Facts and Figures The American Society of Plastic Surgeons (cited in Ruiz, 2007) estimates that the number of cosmetics surgeries performed per year has increased by almost 50% from 2000 to 2006. Market researcher, writing on the size of the industry and market, assert the impossibility of gauging the size of the industry/market as statistics are based upon procedures performed in hospitals and not those carried out in private clinics (Davis, 1995). Hazarding a guess, nevertheless, the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (cited in Ruiz, 2007) asserts that it is a multi-billion pound industry. Indeed, tens of billions of pounds are spent on the global plastic surgery industry per annum (Jeffreys, 2005). It is, in other words, an extremely lucrative, constantly growing market. 3.2 Consumer Characteristics Several

Scientific Misconduct Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Scientific Misconduct - Essay Example Research precedes publication and accordingly, lapses happen. This threat put weight on specialists who pick to maltreat guidelines relating to research. Researchers submit to different violations extending from written falsification, information distortion, and information duplicating, and inclined surveys for some reasons including business purposes. The crucial purposes behind these exercises are bending data and formed to oneself alteration. Copyright encroachment is the work of other person arrangements, approaches, or words without giving legitimate credit. Apparently, this is the most broadly distinguished kind of wrongdoing. From time to time, it is troublesome to figure whether inventors intentionally disregarded a particularly noteworthy allude to or required taking in of the prior work. Discovering credit can furthermore be coincidentally reassigned from the first discoverer to a better-known expert (Rivlin). Inclination reviews of papers or recommendations are interchanged because some research conclusions may be unpleasant to the redirections of the researcher or his/her sponsor(s). Uncovered explanations are an ordinary sensation in coherent research that incorporates making without a doubt unverified cases. This violation is seen as a kind of investigation appalling conduct disregarding the way that there is no affirmation that occurrence of this structure have never provoked an offense (university). A related issue concerns the purposeful covering, disillusionment to appropriate or particular landing of the findings of exploratory studies. Studies may be covered or remain unpublished in light of the way that the disclosures are seen to undermine the business, political or distinctive distractions of the supporting agent or in light of the way that they disregard to support the ideological targets of the authority (Hrabowski). Changing of assembled data happens when an investigator fails to accomplish

Janpanese director Yasujiro Ozu's tatami shotsenabled Ozu's films to Essay

Janpanese director Yasujiro Ozu's tatami shotsenabled Ozu's films to take the perspective of the audience, which draws the v - Essay Example In these films, Ozu engaged tatami shots style of cinematography in which he shoot his movies from the position below the eye level of the characters (Wood 122). This technique sensationalized his films and drew the audience to the closest engagement with the characters’ sensibilities by bringing the viewer to the nearest vicinity of the character’s emotions. In this essay, the use of the tatami shots technique will be evaluated by drawing examples from three Ozu films namely: Late Spring (1949), Early Summer (1951), and Tokyo Story (1953). Late Spring (1949) Late Spring (1949) is a drama film directed by Yasujiro Ozu and is based on the short story novella Father and Daughter by Kazuo Hirotsu (Bordwell & Kristin 394). The film is starring Chishu Ryu, an actress who features in almost all Ozu’s films, and Setsuko Hara, another frequent character in Ozu’s films (Wood 119). The most frequently notable aspect of the Late Spring film is the use of tatami shots ; a camera technique where the director shoots his actors from an extremely low position. The adoption of tatami shots in the Late Spring film enables the audience to engage with the emotions of the characters throughout the film. For example, the scene in which Noriko visits her friend Aya in her home. In this scene, Noriko is seen in a sitting position and the camera shoots Aya at a slightly elevated position, from which the audience can see Aya looking down towards her friend. The scene is shot in a way that the camera in both pictures is low, but the degrees are different. The shot controls the way the audience should follow and analyze the events in the narrative. Moreover, when Noriko is sitting, she does so looking up at Aya who is standing, but the camera shoots in the reverse order and concentrates on Noriko and, this way, the audience is forced to reject Aya’s point of view. Consequently, the tatami shots in this particular scene deny the viewer a chance of identify ing with Aya but with Noriko’s inhuman perspective. These shots, which are all over the film, are a reflection of a view from an individual sitting on a tatami mat (Wood 120). Interestingly, he shoots the same even when the scenes shots are taken from outside. The positioning of the camera, therefore, carries a sense of balance and order and enables the viewers to establish an emotional engagement with the characters. Early summer (1951), Another film in which Ozu used the tatami shots is Early Summer (1951); a post war film that recounts the problems of communication between generations and the emerging women role in post war Japan (Bordwell & Kristin 397). In this film, Noriko lives happily in an extended family, but this balance is threatened by her uncle’s visits and insistence that she should get married. Ozu uses the tatami shots in this film frequently. For example, there is a scene where Koichi and two older women are having a conversation concerning Norikoâ₠¬â„¢s marriage. The long shots in this scene show the three characters staring at diverse points as they talked to each other. The camera would then, at low angles, focus on one of the characters straight on the eyes different from the direction at the long shot. These tatami shots enable the viewer to read into the thoughts and emotions of the character. In yet another scene, where the mother, her daughter and her son are at the table, the characters are shot facing different

Factors Affecting Firm Size

Factors Affecting Firm Size Before explaining the factors that exert limits on the size of firms, it is very important to understand what a firm is and how do we measure its size. Lets start with a basic definition of a firm. In simple terms, a firm is a legally recognized organization designed to provide goods, services or both to consumers or tertiary business in exchange for money( Sullivan Arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003). Now that we have an idea of what a firm is lets move on to the ways in which we can measure its size. A lot of ways can be used to measure the size of a firm. One can measure its size by the total revenue it generates, but this does not tell us anything about the scope of a firms underlying activity. Another way is value added( i.e.the sum of factor inputs). This gives us a precise measure of activity in the firm , but this data is generally not available from the company. Lastly, there is the number of employees working in the firm, which is the most widely used measure with more than 80 percent of the studies using it (Kimberley(1976, 587). The size of a firm has been measured as per the number of employees working in a firm in this essay. Before we embark on the long list of factors that exert limits on a firms size, lets just see if these limits are just theoretical aspects or do they actually exist. Have you ever wondered why do big companies like Toyota only limit their area of operations to a few sectors like automobiles? Why dont these companies expand in different directions and produce a wide array of products like food products, milk, laptops etc.? Everyone talks about how important size is, but if size was such a great advantage, the smaller companies would have soon disappeared. But as we see around us, this is not happening. If there had been no limits to the size of a firm then there would have been an inexorable concentration of industries and economies until there was only one global firm left. Since this is not happening, this proves that there do exist certain factors that exert certain limits on the size of a firm. Lets study these factors in detail: FACTORS LIMITING FIRM SIZE Diseconomies of scale It is a well documented fact that higher levels of production permit the use of more efficient techniques. They vindicate the investment in cost reducing technologies and allow workers to be more specialized. But however persuasive they may be, returns to scale have their limits. Machines related to two production units can be advantageously pulled together only if they are not employed to their capacities, similarly the law of large numbers becomes smaller and smaller as the firm grows, ultimately leading to increasing cost of production of goods and services for the larger firms leading to diseconomies of scale. Williamson(1975) identified four main categories of diseconomies of scale Communications Failure due to bounded rationality It is impossible to expand a firm without adding hierarchical layers. As information is passed between layers their is a high probability that it gets distorted, reducing the ability of high level managers to make decisions based on facts and leads to declining return to entrepreneurial function. Bureaucratic insularity Williamson argued that as firms increase in size the senior managers are less accountable to the lower ranks of the organization and to the shareholders. They thus become insulated and will strive to maximize their personal benefits rather than the profits of the firm. The consequences are that large firms tend to more easily accept organizational slack and resources are misallocated Employee alienation As firms expand there will be increased specialization, but also less moral involvement of the employees, according to Williamson (1975, 128-129). The decline in moral involvement is due to the difficulty for the employee to understand the purpose of activities as well as the small contribution each employee makes to the totality. Thus, alienation is more likely to occur in large firms. Misalignment of incentives Firms can not compensate their employees perfectly due to a number of limitations according to Williamson (1975, 129-130). First, large bonus payments may threaten senior managers. Second, performance related bonuses might affect the employment contract so that less than optimal behavior is encouraged. The outcome is that large firms tend to pay based on tenure and position rather than on merit. This is especially important in product and process development where the large firms are at a disadvantage to smaller enterprises. Availability of Finance/Capital Every firm at some point or the other needs to employ some external capital to grow. There is a strong and positive relationship between the amount of finance that a firm can raise and the managerial ability and entrepreneurial capital that the firm has, i.e. higher the entrepreneurial capital higher the amount that the firm can borrow. Also, given the existence of capital market imperfections, it would be unwise to assume that finance is never a real problem. It has been generally observed that the average size of firms is larger in countries with better financial markets, suggesting that financial constraints keep firms small. An example in this regard can be of Finland, where the size of the firms are large, despite the countrys small size, as compared to say Spain or Italy because it has a very efficient financial system, as measured by its accounting standards. Role of Government/Judicial Factors Government also plays a crucial role in determining the freedom that the firm enjoys in performing its operations with full capacity. Governments often employ certain regulations which put a limit on the size of the firm. Many costly regulations apply to larger firms (for example the obligation to provide health insurance in the US or Union Laws in Italy). This tilts the playing field towards small firms. Other regulations, such as strong product liability laws, favor the creation of separate legal entities that can avail the protection afforded by limited liability. This further leads to smaller firms. High corporate taxes could also drive many economic activities into the informal sector, and reduce reduce the incentive to create larger firms, this is probably why Italy has so many small firms. It has been observed in certain countries, that the government in order to protect the local market sometimes puts restrictions on the import of certain raw materials or machinery. This puts the firms in such countries at handicap when competing with foreign firm and in turn puts a limit on the size of the firm, as their area of operation remains limited to the local market. An efficient government and legal system on the other hand eases managements ability to use critical resources other thaan physical assets as source power, which leads to establishment of firms of larger size(Rajan and Zingales(1998c)). It also protects outside investors better and allows larger firms to be financed . Finally, an efficient government and legal system reduces coordination costs and allows larger organisations(Becker and Murphy(1992)). Limitations of the market Another major factor that limits the size of the firm is the limitations posed by the market, the expansion of which would require unprofitable price reductions or increase in selling cost. Adam Smith(1776) had suggested that the extent of specialization was limited by the size of the market. If a worker needs to acquire task specific human capital, there is a set-up cost incurred every time the worker is assigned a new task. It is, therefore reasonable to expect workers to perform specialized tasks and to expect a firm to hire more workers when its production process becomes more specialized. Therefore, one would expect not only the extent of specialization but also the size of the firms to be limited by the size of the market that is being served. Security There are always considerations of security to take into account- both security against bankruptcy and security against a takeover bid. The faster a firm attempts to expand, the more it will be driven to accept high-risk investments and the more it may have to rely on fixed interest debt. Both endanger the future of the firm. The failure of a major investment or the high level of fixed charges that a firm is obliged to meet when trade is depressed may bring it to its knees. Too rapid a rate of growth may also expose the firm to the danger of a takeover bid. This may occur if rapid expansion depresses the firms profitability or if it results in high retention of profits and low dividend payments to shareholders.Too low a rate on the other hand, may also attract a takeover bid. A profitable firm with a high conservative management may have a high level of liquidity. A prospective acquirer may feel confident that the funds can be put to more profitable use. Thus, this fear of security m ay also limit the size of the firm in that the firm may not be inclined to accept high risk investments in view of the fixed costs they have to pay off, thus limiting growth. Fear of expropriation Fear of expropriation is also a key factor that limits the size of the firm. This fear has been appropriately analyzed by Rajan and Zingales(1998c) with the help of a stylized model where an entrepreneur has a critical resource with which he wants to produce. In order to produce he has to offer employees access to the resource and its mode of employ. There are constant returns to scale in production but increasing returns to scale in marketing so that a larger firm captures a disproportionate share of the market. The problem is that the property rights of the entrepreneur are not fully secure. As a result he has to limit the number of employees who have access to the resource. The reason is that while he has a noyeaux dur of employees who have specialized to the firms business, have high switching costs, and are therefor loyal, new unspecialized employees on the other hand have low switching costs. If there are sufficient number of them, they will know they can capture a large market share if they band together and make away with a copy of the critical resource. thus, the entrepreneur can employ only a few employees, and has to wait until they specialize and become loyal before admitting new ones. It turns out that not only does this fear of expropriation limit the rate of growth of the number of employees in the firm, it also limits its eventual size. An example in this regard can be taken of the Venezuelan steel company Sidetur, which was recently expropriated by the government. Availability of Technology Sometimes the availability of a particular technology also limits the size of the firm. For example a person may have patented a particular technology and might be the only one who can use it for some time to come. In that scenario a firm producing the same product is handicapped as they do not have the access to the same technology that its competitor has and thus cannot increase its size and becomes stagnant. Another example in this regard can be a strict government policy which does not allow the firms in a particular country to import a particular technology, thereby limiting the size of the firm by not allowing the firm to compete in the global market. Uncertainty Uncertainty plays a crucial role in limiting the size of the firm. It is clear that the seriousness of this problem can be reduced, but only at the cost of additional management effort, which may affect the pattern as well as the rate of growth. This can be illustrated by considering some of the ways in which a firm might respond to uncertainty. One possible response is to increase the variety of goods produced . This would clearly affect the pattern of growth and might increase the managerial resources needed to coordinate the firms activities. Indeed, management problems in a diversified firm might be so acute that they lead either to voluntary disinvestments(can be expanded ;), or to exposure of the firm to a takeover bid.Part of the attraction of a takeover for the predator might also be the profitable sale of subsidiaries of the acquired company to more specialist producers. Another response may be to emphasize short-term projects to the neglect of the long term ones, which agai n would affect the pattern of growth as well as the long term growth rate. Yet another response is to take longer in arriving at investment decisions : for instance, by carrying out more market research before deciding to launch a new product. In this respect different attributes would have a crucial impact on business performance, for the firm that is perfectly risk averse may find that it delays for so long before making a decision that it loses a potential position of market leadership to a competitor. Given the managerial resources available, uncertainty will place a limit on the rate of expansion or size by affecting the volume of managerial services required for a given amount of expansion.